In a recent study, Alistair Duffey et al. assess how well global climate models (specifically those from CMIP6) represent the Arctic winter atmospheric boundary layer above sea ice. They compare boundary layer process relationships in these models to observations that come from surface measurements and radiosondes gathered during the MOSAiC (2019-2020) and SHEBA (1997-1998) expeditions, as well as from North Pole drifting stations (1955-1991). 

Their findings indicate that most CMIP6 models struggle to accurately depict the cloudy conditions, mixed-phase clouds in particular, often observed over the Arctic's winter sea ice.